Back to all questions

How do I find a manufacturer that can produce high-quality woolen coats with hand-finished details?

Introduction

You’re on the hunt for high-quality woolen coats with hand-finished details, but the path to finding a trustworthy manufacturer can feel murky. You may have encountered inconsistent fabric quality, uneven stitching, or catalogs that promise luxury but deliver generic mass production. Perhaps you’re unsure how to verify technical capability, assess lead times, or protect your brand’s integrity when working with distant factories. The result? Frustration, wasted time, and coats that fail to meet your standards for fit, finish, and durability.

In 2025, the demand for woolen coats that blend traditional hand craftsmanship with scalable manufacturing is rising. Consumers seek rich textures, precise tailoring, and ethical production. Your challenge is to translate a design concept into a finished product that reflects your brand promise while remaining cost-effective and time-efficient. The good news is that a well-structured sourcing strategy can dramatically improve outcomes. You can pair the warmth and character of hand-finished details with the reliability of modern supply chains.

This article gives you a practical, field-tested framework to find a manufacturer that can produce premium woolen coats with authentic hand-finished touches. You’ll learn how to define exact specifications, vet mills and ateliers, compare production approaches, and manage the end-to-end process from sample to shipment. You’ll also discover common pitfalls and expert tips that save time and money without compromising quality. By the end, you’ll have a clear playbook you can adapt for your brand, whether you manufacture in Asia, Europe, or North America.

What you’ll learn: how to evaluate fabric quality, how to request and assess hand-finished details such as hand-sewn linings or pick-stitching, how to structure a robust QC plan, and how to negotiate terms that protect your IP and reduce risk. You’ll also see how to align your timeline with realistic production windows in 2025. If you’re ready to elevate your woolen coats, this guide helps you move from vague supplier ideas to a concrete, actionable sourcing plan.

Essential Prerequisites and Resources

Before you reach out to factories or ateliers, gather the foundational inputs that determine feasibility and cost. The following prerequisites help you screen suppliers efficiently and avoid back-and-forth that drains time and budget. Treat this as a starting toolkit rather than a final checklist; you’ll refine and expand as you learn.

  • Clear product brief for woolen coats — Include silhouette (single-breasted, double-breasted, wrap), length, collar style, shoulder construction, sleeve type, and lining preferences. Specify the hand-finished details you require (hand-sewn buttonholes, hand-turned facings, pick-stitching, mitered corners, collar roll, edge finishing). A precise brief reduces misinterpretation in production. Tip: attach swatches or fabric samples to convey texture and weight.
  • Fabric sourcing plan — Decide on wool type (Merino, Melton, Bouclé, Super 100s–120s, or certified organic wool). Define fabric GSM (e.g., 480–600 GSM for a sturdy winter coat) and weave (Melton, twill, or bubbled bouclé). Consider sustainability certifications (Oeko-Tex, RWS, ZQ Wool) to meet brand commitments. Related read: see our guide to fabric sourcing and sustainable wool for 2025 standards.
  • Technical specs and tolerances — Provide garment measurements, size grading, and tolerance bands for key dimensions (chest, waist, sleeve length, back length). Include fit intent (slim, classic, relaxed) and target size ranges. Outline acceptable variance for critical seams, hems, and linings. Why it matters: minor deviations become noticeable on woolen coats with hand details.
  • Quality control plan — Draft an initial plan that covers fabric inspection, stitching standards, hand-finish checks, and textile tests (pilling resistance, colorfastness, seam slippage). Define sampling stages (first article, pre-production, in-line QC, final pre-shipment). Map out acceptance criteria and corrective action steps.
  • Budget and pricing framework — Determine target FOB price per coat at target quantities, plus estimated costs for samples, trims, embroidery or print, and hand-finish labor hours. Include a buffer for freight, duties, and potential rework. Be prepared to discuss MOQs and price breakpoints with suppliers. Important: you may need to negotiate run dates, payment terms (e.g., 30% upfront, 70% upon shipment), and warranty commitments.
  • Timeline and milestones — Build a realistic calendar from supplier outreach to final delivery. Typical steps include RFQ response time, sample development time, tooling if needed, pre-production approval, and shipping lead times. For high-quality woolen coats with hand details, plan for 8–14 weeks from approved sample to mass production, plus 2–4 weeks for shipping.
  • Compliance and ethics checklist — If your brand emphasizes responsible manufacturing, define supplier expectations for working conditions, fair wages, and environmental impact. Consider certifications like WRAP or ethical sourcing benchmarks and include a plan for audits. External reference: WRAP.
  • Location-based considerations — Decide whether you want proximity to your market. European ateliers offer fast iterations and couture-level finishing; Asian manufacturers often provide broader capacity and more competitive pricing with modern QC. Include geographic preferences in your outreach.
  • Internal stakeholders and roles — Assign a sourcing lead, a technical designer, and a QC point person. Define decision rights for fabric, finish, and cost changes. Agree on a weekly update cadence to keep the project moving.
  • Documentation templates — Create or customize RFQ templates, a factory audit checklist, and a sample approval form. Consistent documentation reduces miscommunication and speeds up approvals. See our internal templates for reference in the related resources section.
  • Helpful resources and references — Bookmark industry sources for fabric standards, finish techniques, and compliance guidelines. For 2025, stay current on textile innovations and sustainability trends. Internal: Sourcing Guide and Factory Audit Checklist help you stay organized.
  • Budget-friendly materials and timesaving tips — If your initial budget is constrained, consider a smaller capsule with a selective hand-finish on signature coats, then expand. Use a staged program to test performance before full-scale investment. Pro-tip: start with a core wool base and add hand-finished accents on best-selling silhouettes.

Resources you might find valuable include industry associations and sustainability bodies. For example, you can explore ethical manufacturing guidelines from Fashion Revolution and sustainable wool standards from Textile Exchange. You may also review general textile sourcing insights at Cotton Incorporated. These sources help you align your woolen coats with current 2024–2025 best practices. Internal references to fabric sourcing pages can streamline your process as you begin outreach.

Comprehensive Comparison and Options

When you’re producing woolen coats with hand-finished details, several viable production approaches exist. Each method has distinct trade-offs in terms of cost, timeline, craftsmanship, and scalability. Below, you’ll see a clear, side-by-side comparison of common options and how they stack up for premium woolen coats in 2025.

OptionWhat it isProsConsTypical Cost Range* (per coat)Lead Time**Difficulty
1. Direct ODM/OEM with hand-finished detailsWork with a factory that offers design-to-production as a turnkey service, including fabrics, trims, and hand-finish techniques.One-stop coordination, scalable production, consistent QA, access to specialized equipment for hand details (e.g., hand-sewn linings, pick-stitching).Less brand control over artisan nuances, MOQs may be higher, communications risk across borders.$120–$350 per coat (depending on fabric and hand-work depth)6–14 weeks after sample approvalModerate to High
2. European bespoke atelierSmall or mid-size atelier focusing on couture finishes and hand-stitched details, often with tailored client service.Maximum craftsmanship, authentic hand details, strong fit and finishing quality, closer communication with designers.Higher price, longer lead times for artisanal work, more limited scalability.$400–$900+ per coat (depending on customization)8–16 weeks; longer if bespoke fittings are includedHigh
3. Domestic artisan workshop (US/EU)Local small batch producers with skilled hands, often combining machine construction with selective hand-finishing.Faster iterations, easier QA, simpler logistics, better IP protection when local.Limited scale, higher unit costs on hand finishes, potential supply constraints.$250–$600 per coat (range varies by trim and lining)4–12 weeks after sample approvalModerate
4. Hybrid model with a sourcing partnerUse a sourcing agent or agency to manage multiple suppliers (fabric mill, trim suppliers, and a single finishing facility).Best balance of cost, control, and speed; risk spread across vendors; can pilot with smaller MOQs.Requires robust project management; coordination overhead; potential alignment issues across partners.$180–$500 per coat (depends on scope and vendor mix)6–14 weeks (pilot programs); scalable with run sizeModerate

*Cost ranges are indicative and depend on wool grade, weight, finishing complexity, and order quantity. Lead times can vary by season and factory capacity.

Key takeaways: For high-quality woolen coats with hand-finished details, a direct ODM/OEM path can deliver scalability and consistent QA, while a European atelier offers unmatched craftsmanship for flagship pieces. A domestic artisan approach reduces logistics risk, and a hybrid model can be the most efficient route for growing brands. When choosing, align the option with your brand position, desired margin, and schedule. For a practical starting point, review our step-by-step sourcing guide, and consider a phased approach that validates one or two coat styles before expanding.

Step-by-Step Implementation Guide

Now that you understand the landscape, you’ll translate this into a concrete plan. The following steps walk you through a detailed, practical process to source woolen coats with exquisite hand-finished details. Each step includes specific actions, measurable targets, and timeframes you can adapt to your project.

Step 1: Define precise product specifications for woolen coats

  1. Finalize silhouette and fit — Decide on single or double-breasted, length (knee, mid-them, hip), and sleeve style. Determine whether you want a classic or modern cut to support the hand-finished trim.
  2. Choose fabric and weight — Confirm wool type (Merino, Melton, bouclé), fabric weight (GSM 480–600 for winter coats), and weave. Attach fabric swatches and a care guide that details washing limitations for wool.
  3. Determine hand-finished details — List each technique: hand-sewn buttonholes, hand-finished lapels, collar roll, pick-stitching, edge stitching, hand-lasted shoulders, and hand-stitched linings. Document acceptance criteria for each detail.
  4. Define trims and hardware — Specify buttons (material, size, placement), zippers, linings, undercollars, and pocket finishing. Record their sourcing preferences (local vs. overseas) and branding considerations (laser-etched logo on buttons or leather tag).
  5. Set size ranges and grading rules — Create a grading chart for at least 5–7 sizes. Define tolerance bands for critical measurements to preserve fit consistency across batches.
  6. Outline QA milestones — Establish sampling stages: 1) First Article (FA) 2) Pre-Production (PP) 3) In-line QC checks 4) Final inspection. Clarify pass/fail criteria for hand details and overall finish.
  7. Draft a cost and lead-time plan — Estimate fabric costs, trims, labor hours for hand finishes, tooling if needed, and packaging. Build a rough lead-time calendar that maps to each production stage.
  8. Assign roles — Designate a technical designer for specs, a sourcing lead for vendor outreach, and a QC supervisor for inspection protocols. Establish a weekly cross-functional review.
  9. Prepare risk mitigations — Identify potential bottlenecks (fabric shortages, dye migration, or labor availability for finishing) and outline mitigation strategies (alternative fabrics, extended samples, or parallel supplier scouting).
  10. Collect reference materials — Gather lookbooks, previous samples, and competitor coats to calibrate the intended aesthetic. Use these as benchmarks during approvals.

Action tip: Create a living document that updates as you learn. You’ll reuse this brief for every supplier pitch and sample request, ensuring consistency across the woolen coats you bring to market. For reference, you can review our internal template library in the Templates Library.

Step 2: Source and shortlist potential manufacturers

  1. Define search criteria — Screen for experience with wool and hand-finished details, minimum order quantities, and willingness to provide samples. Prioritize factories with proven QA processes, ISO or similar certifications, and transparent pricing.
  2. Leverage credible channels — Use industry directories, trade shows, and reputable sourcing platforms. Reach out to mills known for woolen fabrics, and pair them with finishing specialists who can execute intricate hand-work.
  3. Initial outreach and RFQ — Send a concise RFQ that includes your product brief, fabric requirements, hand-finish specifications, desired MOQs, and requested lead times. Include references to your 2025 standards for ethics and sustainability.
  4. Evaluate responses — Compare sample costs, timelines, and evidence of past performance. Ask for at least two references and a short portfolio of similar work. If possible, request a pre-production cost sheet and a detailed QA plan.
  5. Preliminary shortlisting — Shortlist 3–5 suppliers who best meet your criteria. Plan a factory visit or a virtual tour if travel isn’t feasible in your schedule. Tip: prioritize partnerships that demonstrate alignment with your brand’s quality and culture.

During outreach, you can reference external standards and best practices for ethical production and sustainability. Look for social compliance documentation (or third-party audits) and ask about dye stability for woolen fabrics to avoid color migration during washing. For orientation, review our Supplier Evaluation guide, which offers checklists you can adapt. External references such as Fashion Revolution and WRAP provide helpful context for responsible manufacturing. Internal note: you can also explore our Fabric Sourcing guide to align fabric choices with hand-finish expectations.

Step 3: Request samples and assess hand-finished details

  1. Request FA samples with specified hand details — Ask for a complete coat sample that includes the core wool fabric, lining, trims, and all hand-finished elements. Request multiple angles and close-ups of buttonholes, collar roll, seam intersections, and pocket edges.
  2. Define sampling criteria — Your sample should demonstrate at least two hand-finish techniques. Require a clean, standardized test on a standard size to compare across vendors.
  3. Assess fabric behavior — Inspect hand feel, drape, weight consistency, and seam integrity under lite and heavy staging. Look for wool puckering, colorfastness, and any pilling tendencies after a mild wear test.
  4. Evaluate craft reliability — Review consistency in visible hand-work areas and the stability of finished edges. Verify that hand finishes align with your spec sheets and acceptance criteria.
  5. Quality control alignment — Ensure the supplier’s QA processes mirror your plan. Confirm who owns acceptance criteria and how non-conformances are managed during sampling and production runs.
  6. Make a go/no-go decision — Decide whether to proceed to PP with one or two top suppliers. If a sample fails, request brief corrective actions and a re-sample to confirm improvements.

Tip: Request a short video or annotated photos showing the hand finishing process in action. Visual proof reduces misinterpretation when you’re evaluating technical details. For insights on reducing trial-and-error time, see our production optimization article.

Step 4: Decide on the production approach and finalize terms

  1. Choose the production model — Pick from the options in the comparison table based on your brand’s target price, lead times, and quality expectations. Consider a hybrid approach if you want to balance cost with artisanal finishing.
  2. Negotiate terms — Define MOQs, price per unit, payment terms, and acceptance criteria. Confirm whether samples and trims are included in the final price and how changes to specs will affect cost.
  3. Finalize design documentation — Freeze the technical pack (tech pack) with all measurements, fabrics, trims, and hand-finish specs. Include a photo reference library for quick approvals.
  4. Prepare pre-production sample — Commission a pre-production sample to lock in the manufacturing process. Validate that the hand-finishing process remains consistent across the production run.
  5. Contractual safeguards — Attach a quality control plan, a clear warranty clause, and a remedy for non-conforming goods. Include a defined process for delays and force majeure.

At this stage, your risk exposure drops significantly when you have a clear technical pack and a vetted supplier. If you want to discuss this with a sourcing expert, consider contacting a specialist who can help refine your spec and negotiate terms on your behalf. For an approachable path, see our Partner Sourcing page.

Step 5: Production, QC, and pre-shipment checks

  1. Initiate PP and inline inspections — Start with a pre-production run to iron out deviations in stitching, hand work, and fabric behavior. Schedule inline QC at critical points (after fabric cutting, after assembly, after hand finishes).
  2. Monitor hand-finish quality — Have the QC team verify that every coat displays the intended hand-finish details. Use a checklist for each detail: buttonholes, collar roll, piping, edge finish, and lining alignment.
  3. Ensure consistency across batches — If you produce in multiple shifts or lines, implement a standard color and finish reference to maintain uniformity. Use a sample archive to compare future runs against the approved FA and PP samples.
  4. Conduct pre-shipment inspection — Confirm garment dimensions, packaging, labeling, and branding. Check for minor flaws and ensure returns or rework procedures are defined.
  5. Document and store data — Save QC results, sample approvals, and any deviations for future audits. This repository becomes invaluable for repeat orders and new SKUs.

Time frame guidance: plan 2–4 weeks for PP and inline QC, plus 1–2 weeks for pre-shipment checks if the supply chain is smooth. If you’re shipping internationally, add 2–4 weeks for transit. Always have contingency buffers in your calendar. For more on quality control best practices, explore our QC Checklist and Factory Audit Checklist.

Step 6: Logistics, export, and post-delivery support

  1. Logistics planning — Decide on incoterms, freight modes, and transit routes. For woolen coats, air freight is faster but costlier; ocean freight is economical for bulk but slower. Confirm packaging standards to protect hand finishes during transit.
  2. Customs and duties — Prepare HS codes, commercial invoices, and packing lists. Consider duty-saving opportunities such as classification optimization for textile products.
  3. Post-delivery support — Establish a warranty window for workmanship defects. Define a process to handle returns, replacements, or repairs if issues arise after delivery.
  4. Performance review — After first shipments, measure customer feedback, defect rates, and hand-finish durability. Use these insights to adjust future runs and refine supplier selections.

For brands seeking efficiency, consider partnering with a sourcing firm that can manage the end-to-end process, including supplier follow-up, packaging design, and compliance checks. If you want to speed up supplier vetting, you can reference internal sourcing playbooks and our guide to building a supplier scorecard in the Supplier Scorecard section.

Note: Ensure you stay compliant with regional trade requirements and sustainability expectations. For ongoing education, keep up with 2025 textile innovations and ethics standards through trusted outlets like Fashion Revolution and WRAP.

Step 7: Scale and sustain your woolen coats program

  1. Iterate on design and finish — Use customer feedback to refine hand-finish density, collar profiles, or pocket geometry. Consider launching a limited edition with enhanced hand-detailing to elevate brand storytelling.
  2. Standardize sourcing for future runs — Build a preferred supplier list with assigned performance metrics. Maintain a rolling pipeline of fabric sources to mitigate disruption risk.
  3. Invest in continual improvement — Track defect rates, labor efficiency for hand-finishing, and fabric waste. Apply lean principles to minimize rework and maximize output without compromising quality.

As you scale, keep your core differentiator intact: the tactile warmth and artisanal vibe of hand-finished woolen coats, wrapped in a reliable manufacturing process. This balance is the secret to sustained brand growth in 2025. If you need assistance aligning production with your brand goals, you can reach out to our team or consult the consultation page.

Common Mistakes and Expert Pro Tips

Even seasoned teams stumble when sourcing woolen coats with hand-finished details. The following mistakes are common, but they’re easily avoidable with the right checks and processes. Each item includes a practical fix to save time, reduce cost, and improve outcomes for your woolen coats program.

1) Skipping a detailed tech pack

Relying on vague sketches leads to misinterpretation of hand finishes and fit. Fix: produce a complete tech pack with explicit measurements, step-by-step finishing instructions, and reference photos for every hand technique. A precise pack minimizes rework and protects your design intent.

2) Accepting low-quality samples from the first round

A poor FA sample can derail your timeline. Fix: require a high-fidelity first article that includes all hand finishes and a side-by-side quality checklist. If needed, insist on a sub-sample focusing solely on the hand finish for quick evaluation.

3) Underestimating the lead time for hand finishes

Hand-finished details typically extend production timelines. Fix: build a realistic project calendar that accounts for artisan labor, multiple sample iterations, and potential rework. Schedule in extra buffer weeks for peak seasons.

4) Inadequate QA coverage for hand-work

Quality control often focuses on seams and fabric, not the delicate hand finishes. Fix: implement a dedicated hand-finish QA checklist and assign a lead inspector who specializes in artisanal details. Include acceptance criteria for each finish.

5) Poor vendor communication and misaligned expectations

Miscommunication wastes time and money. Fix: establish a single point of contact, use a shared portal for specs, photos, and approvals, and schedule regular progress reviews. Use objective, photo-based approvals to keep decisions transparent.

6) Not validating sustainability and ethical standards

Brand integrity depends on responsible production. Fix: verify supplier certifications and documentation early. Align with external standards such as WRAP and Textile Exchange to avoid reputational risk.

7) Overlooking post-delivery support

Coats may arrive with issues that impact customer satisfaction. Fix: include a generous warranty for workmanship defects and a defined process for returns or repairs. Documentation helps you protect brand reputation and minimize disclosure risk.

8) Underinvesting in a phased approach

Trying to launch too many styles at once can dilute quality. Fix: start with a focused capsule of 2–4 woolen coats with strong hand details. Expand after learning from the initial runs and customer feedback.

Expert tips to accelerate results and cut costs without compromising quality:

  • Use a hybrid production model to combine the strengths of an ODM/OEM partner with a local atelier for key hand finishes.
  • Incorporate a staged sampling plan where early samples focus on the most challenging hand details, while later samples validate fabric, lining, and fit.
  • Negotiate price concessions for longer-term commitments or multi-season contracts, while ensuring you have a clear path for changes in design.
  • Alleviate risk by keeping a small supplier panel rather than relying on a single partner for all components.

For additional insight into what to watch for in a factory audit and how to structure an effective supplier scorecard, consult our internal guides and templates. If you’re exploring a specific factory you’ve identified, you can discuss your findings with our team or read through our Factory Audit Checklist.

Advanced Techniques and Best Practices

With the basics in place, you can elevate your woolen coats program using advanced techniques and industry best practices. These strategies help you achieve superior quality, consistent hand-finished details, and a competitive edge in 2025.

  • Full-canvas construction and hand-done details — Consider a full-canvas interlining and hand-finished edge treatment for premium woolen coats. This technique improves drape, structure, and longevity, especially for heavy wool fabrics. A properly executed full-canvas approach elevates the coat’s silhouette and lifespan, aligning with luxury expectations.
  • Custom hand-finished accents — Introduce signature hand finishes that reinforce brand identity. Examples include hand-stitched pick-stitching on lapels, hand-sewn buttons with shanks, and undercollar hand gluing.
  • Fabric integrity and dye stability — Work with mills certified for colorfastness and dye uniformity to prevent color migration after cleaning. Secure dyes that hold under long wear and washing cycles. This matters for woolen coats with darker hues or contrast piping.
  • Sustainable material and process innovations — Explore recycled or responsibly sourced wool programs. Consider plant-based or low-impact dyes to reduce environmental footprint while maintaining luxury aesthetics. Stay updated on Textile Exchange and related certifications to guide your choices.
  • Advanced QC technologies — Implement digital inspection tools that capture high-resolution images of hand finishes, allowing you to compare against reference standards automatically. Real-time dashboards improve traceability and accountability across production.
  • Selection of trims and finishing suppliers — Build a curated network of trim providers (buttons, zippers, linings) who understand woolen coat aesthetics and can deliver samples quickly. This keeps lead times tight and helps you maintain consistency in finish quality.
  • Seasonal and trend integration — Leverage color forecasts, fabric innovations, and silhouette trends to keep your woolen coats relevant. Use a quarterly review to test new finishes and iterate on design language without risking core best-sellers.

Note: As you implement advanced techniques, maintain a dialog with your manufacturer about resource needs and capacity. Transparent collaboration makes it easier to achieve the luxury-level hand finishing you’re aiming for, while keeping your production on track for 2025 market demands. For ongoing inspiration and case studies, explore our linked resources and related pages such as Luxury coats case study.

Conclusion

Finding a manufacturer capable of producing high-quality woolen coats with hand-finished details is a multi-step journey. You start with a precise product brief, then carefully source and test suppliers who can deliver the fabric integrity, tailored fit, and artisanal finish your brand promises. The most successful programs combine robust technical documentation, clear acceptance criteria, and a well-structured production plan that accommodates the realities of 2024–2025 markets. This approach minimizes risk, reduces time-to-market, and ensures your woolen coats meet customer expectations for warmth, texture, and durability.

Throughout this journey, you’ll benefit from a clear view of your options—from direct ODM/OEM partnerships to European bespoke ateliers and hybrid sourcing models. Each option offers distinct advantages depending on your target price point, lead times, and scale. By leveraging the right combination of tech packs, fabric selection, and rigorous QA, you can achieve a premium woolen coat line that stands out in a crowded market. If you’re ready to take the next step, contact us to discuss your project and secure a tailored path toward production success.

Ready to begin? Contact us for custom clothing and start turning your woolen coats concept into a tangible product. For ongoing support, you can also explore our internal guides and reach out to our team for a consultation. Remember, precise specs, steady communications, and a robust QA plan are the secrets to delivering durable, hand-finished woolen coats that customers will treasure for years.

Internal opportunities for continued learning: You can refer to our Sourcing Guide and Fabric Sourcing pages to deepen your understanding of materials and supplier selection. External references for industry standards and sustainability best practices are linked in the prerequisites and supplier outreach sections above.

Q: What should I include in a tech pack for woolen coats with hand finishes?

Include detailed measurements, finish specifications, fabric spec, trims, and step-by-step instructions for each hand finish. Attach reference photos and a sample of the finish to ensure alignment with the supplier’s capabilities.

Q: How long does it typically take to bring a hand-finished woolen coat from concept to shipment?

Expect 8–14 weeks for sample development, pre-production, and initial production, plus 2–4 weeks for shipping. Lead times vary with fabric availability and the complexity of hand finishes.

Q: What’s the best way to validate a supplier’s capability for hand finishes?

Request FA samples that showcase all intended hand finishes, review a detailed QA plan for hand work, and ask for a demonstration or video of the hand-finishing process. Compare results against a written acceptance checklist and use a pre-production sample to confirm consistency.